CV

NAME: Nora Berrah

ADDRESS:

University of Connecticut
Department of Physics
Storrs, CT 06268
Phone: (860) 486-4715
email: Nora.Berrah@uconn.edu

Department website: https://physics.uconn.edu/person/nora-berrah/
Research lab/details website: https://tesla.phys.uconn.edu/

EDUCATION:

Ph.D. in Physics, May 1987, University of Virginia.
“Laser Photodetachment of HS- Trapped in a Penning Trap”
Masters in Theoretical Physics, June 1979, Algiers, Algeria.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF RESEARCH INTERESTS: 

The research focuses on investigating ultrafast quantum phenomena induced by the interaction of systems with photons produced by table-top lasers and light sources. In particular, the research examines photo-induced dynamics from quantum systems (molecules, water droplets, clusters) and probes the dynamics of excited states to understand energy and charge transfer in systems. Additionally, we focus on the areas of non-linear physics. The experiments are paired with theories to understand, in real time, molecular transformation using long and short wavelength radiation, and strong laser fields. The current research involves the use of intense table-top femtosecond and attosecond lasers pulses at the UConn lab and at the CEA at SACLAY, France respectively. In addition, we use national and international free electron lasers (FELs) facilities in the XUV, VUV and X-ray regimes to understand the coupling of electronic and nuclear processes in matter that happen on ultrafast time scales.

The research activities encompass: 1) Fundamental interactions between ultrafast FELs photons and
molecular systems to advance quantitative understanding of electron correlations, charge transfer and proton transfer. The research focuses on probing, on femtosecond and attosecond time-scales, multi- electron interactions, in order to understand quantum control, energy transfer, charge migration, from laser radiation to matter. The FELs used so far are in the US (LCLS), Japan (SACLA), Germany (XFEL and FLASH) and Italy (FERMI). 2) Investigating ring opening, particularly 2-bromothiophene, as a function of UV wavelength excitation, probed with ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) at SLAC National Lab.  3) Isomerization phenomena such as single and double H-migration as well as roaming mechanisms using my UConn lab. 4) High resolution, inner-shell excitation and ionization in molecules and clusters with lasers and X-ray synchrotron radiation facilities at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab in CA as well as at international facilities in France and Germany.

PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS:

  • Professor, Physics Department, University of Connecticut, August 2018-present.
  • Professor and Head of the Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Jan 2014-August 2018.
  • Chair d’Excellence, SOLEIL (French National Synchrotron Laboratory), St. Aubin, France, 2011-2012 and Visiting Professor, University Paris VI, Paris, France.
  • Visiting Scientist, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford, CA, 2006.
  • University Distinguished Faculty Scholar, Western Michigan University, 2000.
  • Visiting Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 1998-1999.
  • Professor, Physics Department, Western Michigan University, August 1999.
  • Associate Professor, Physics Department, Western Michigan University, August 1994.
  • Visiting Scientist, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany, 1992-1993.
  • Visiting Scientist (Chercheur Associe), LURE (Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation du Rayonnement Electronique), Orsay, France. June-July 1992, May 1993.
  • Visiting Scientist, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL. May 1992.
  • Assistant Professor, Physics Department, Western Michigan University, August 1991.
  • Assistant Scientist, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, October 1989-1991.
  • Postdoctoral appointee, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, May 1987-October 1989.
  • University of Virginia, Physics Department: Graduate Research student in Atomic and Molecular Laser Spectroscopy, September 1980- May 1987;Teaching Assistant in Physics, September 1982-May 1983.

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS:

  • Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS).
  • Member of the Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, APS.
  • Fellow and Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Member of the Division of Laser Science, APS.
  • Member of the French Association for the Advancement of Science (AFAS)
  • Member of Phi Kappa Phi

AWARDS:

  1. University of Connecticut, Arts and Science Excellent Research Achievement, 2019.
  2. 2019 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  3. 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Citation: “For distinguished contributions to the field of molecular dynamics, particularly for pioneering non-linear
  4. science using x-rays free electron lasers and spectroscopy using synchrotron light sources”
  5. 2014 Davisson-Germer Prize, American Physical Society (2014). Citation: “For pioneering experiments on the interaction of atoms, molecules, negative ions and clusters with ionizing
  6. vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray photons.”
  7. Western Michigan University, Arts and Science College, Global Engagement Award, 2012.
  8. Western Michigan University (WMU) Dean’s Faculty Research Appreciation Award, 2007, 2008.
  9. David. S. Shirley Award for “Outstanding Scientific Achievements at the Advanced Light Source”, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2002.
  10. WMU Distinguished Faculty Scholar Award, 2000.
  11. Fellow, American Physical Society, 1999.
  12. WMU President’s Award for Excellence in Research, 1996.
  13. WMU Dean’s Award for Excellence in Research, 1995, 1997.
  14. Humboldt Fellowship, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation , 1992-1993.
  15. Graduate Fellowship, Physics Department, University of Virginia, 1985-1986.
  16. Scholarship, University of Orsay, Paris, France, 1979-1980.
  17. Scholarship, Ministere de L’Enseignement Superieure et de la Recherche Scientifique, Algeria, 1980-1985.
  18. Baccalaureate exam with Honors, 1975.

SCHOLARLY ACTIVITIES

Publications: 285 publications.

Citations: 9795; h-index: 51; i10-index 165 (Based on Google Scholar).

Invited Presentations: 275 Invited Presentations, including 173 invited presentations at national
and international conferences and 102 seminars and colloquia.

Contributed Conference Abstracts: Over 660 conference abstracts.

Grants to conduct research from NSF and DoE: Over $10M

Scientific Services: ~100 scientific activities, nationally and internationally.

Promoting Science Literacy: Book for the general public. Marc. Humphrey, Paul V. Pancella and Nora Berrah, “Idiots Guides for Quantum Physics”, ALPHA Books publishing, ISBN 97781615643172, Jan 6, 2015. Book translation version in French, “ Physique Quantique: le guide de reference”, 2019.

Promoting Diversity: Contributes to inclusion and active recruitment of minorities to diversify the Scientific Workforce. Significant contribution in Outreach/Mentoring of women and other
underrepresented groups (African American/Hispanics); Increase the number of minorities in physics and in STEM fields. Will chair the conference for undergraduate women in physics (CUWiP) in 2025 at UConn. Contribution to this effort started 30 years ago (see below).

MAJOR PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES:

Professional Society Service & Science Leadership and Advocacy, Planning and Evaluation:

  1. Department of Energy Basic Research Need Workshop in Laser Technology Participant. August 2023.
  2. APS, Task Force Member to Review APS Committees. 2022-2023.
  3. APS, Board of Directors Member, 2019-2022
  4. APS new England Councilor, 2019-2022
  5. Chair, American Physical Society (APS) Nominating Committee 2020
  6. Member of the fellowship committee of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  7. Chair Elect, APS Nominating Committee (2019-2021)
  8. Member, American Institute of Physics, Investment Advisory Committee (2018-2020)
  9. Member, AAAS Council Delegate to the Section on Physics (2016-2018).
  10. Leader, Department of Energy, BES, Round Table Discussion and Report Writing for the “Future Science with Next Generation LCLSII FELs”. 2018.
  11. Member, Instrument Advisory Panel for the construction of advanced instrumentation for LCLSII-x-ray FEL, SLAC National Laboratory, 2016-
  12. Member, Proposal Review Panel (PRP), FERMI Free Electron laser facility, 2016-
  13. Member, Davisson-Germer Prize Committee, American Physical Society, 2016
  14. Member, Committee of Visitors (COV) Review Panel for the Scientific User Facilities Division within the DoE, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, April 2016.
  15. Chair, of the External Advisory Board (EAB) for the PULSE Ultrafast Center at SLAC National laboratory, 2015-
  16. Member, European Union Network for Research & Innovation, HORIZON 2020; 2017-
  17. Member, European Union Network for the “Marie Skłodowska- Curie Innovative Training Networks in attosecond science; MEDEA 2014-2019
  18. Member, Office of Science, DOE, BESAC sub-committee for 2015 “Directing Matter and Energy: Challenges for Science and the Imagination” July-Dec 2014.
  19. Member, BIOXFEL advisory board member, (NSF funded research labs) Buffalo, NY (2014-2019)
  20. Member, BESAC sub-committee of DoE- Office of Science, for “Future X-ray Light Sources”, 2013.
  21. Member, American Physical Society Nominating Committee, 2013-2015.
  22. Member, Science Advisory Committee, Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 2007-2016
  23. Member, Committee of Visitors (COV) Review Panel for the Scientific User Facilities Division within the DoE, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, April 2013.
  24. Member, Executive Committee, Division of Laser Science (DLS), APS, 2010-2013
  25. Member, Users Executive Committee, Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, 2012-2015.
  26. Member, Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (BESAC), Office of Science, Department of Energy, 2002-2012.
  27. Member, Review Committee for the Physics Department, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, June 2011.
  28. Member, Committee of Visitors (COV), Department of Energy Office of Science, AMO Physics, April 2011.
  29. Promoting Diversity; Member, COACh Advisory Board for Gender Equity in STEM fields, 2009-.
  30. Member, Advisory board, American-Algerian Foundation for Culture, Education, Science &Tech., 2010-2014.
  31. Member, Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP), APS, Nominating Committee, 2008-2010.
  32. Discussion Leader and Writer, DOE workshop on “New Era of Science: Solving Science and Energy Grand Challenges with Next-Generation Photon Sources” October 2008. Report published May 2009, National Academy Press.
  33. Member, Review Committee, FOCUS NSF Laser Center, University of Michigan, 2007-2009.
  34. Member, Review Committee, Department of Physical Chemistry, Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), Paris, France, January 2008.
  35. Member, Science Advisory Committee, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light source (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2006-2009.
  36. Co-team leader for Atomic and Molecular Science, LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2004-2009.
  37. Promoting Diversity; Co-Chair (with Arthur Bienenstock), “Strengthening the Physics Enterprise in Universities and National Laboratories through Gender Equity,” Committee on the Status of Women in Physics (CSWP), APS, May 7-9, 2007.
  38. Promoting Diversity; Chair, Committee of the Status of Women in Physics (CSWP), APS, 2007-2008.
  39. Promoting Diversity; Member, Committee of the Status of Women in Physics (CSWP), APS, 2006-2008.
  40. Chair, Davisson-Germer Prize Committee, American Physical Society, 2007.
  41. Vice-Chair, Davisson-Germer Prize Committee, American Physical Society, 2005-2006.
  42. Promoting Diversity; Member, Subcommittee of CSWP, Site visits to Physics Department, March 2005.
  43. Member, Executive Committee, Division of Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP), American Physical Society, 2005-2008.
  44. Member, Executive Committee, APS Topical Group on Few-Body Physics, 2006.
  45. Member, Forum on International Physics (FIP), APS, 2006-2007.
  46. Member, Science Advisory Committee for the LCLS, 4th Generation Light Source, SLAC, Stanford, CA, 2003-2005.
  47. Member, Committee on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, (CAMOS), National Research Council, 2000-2002.
  48. Chair, Users Executive Committee, Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2000.
  49. Vice-Chair, Users Executive Committee of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), LBNL, 1999.
  50. Member, Subcommittee to Review 4th Generation Light Sources, Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (BESAC), Department of Energy, 1999.
  51. Member, I. I. Rabi Prize Committee, American Physical Society, 1998-2000.
  52. Member, Committee on International Scientific Affairs (CISA), American Physical Society,
    1994-1997
  53. Member, Executive Committee, Division of Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics, APS, 1995-1998.
  54. Chair, Participation Research Team (PRT) of the Atomic & Molecular undulator beamline, 9.0.1/10.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), LBNL, 1995-2004.
  55. Member, Proposal Study Panel, ALS, LBNL, 1995-2000.
  56. Member, Users Executive Committee, ALS, LBNL 1993-1996; 1997-2001.

Conference Organization and Leadership:

  1. Member, Local Organizing Committee for the ISWAMP ultrafast science satellite to ICPEAC, Quebec, Canada, 2021-2023
  2. Member, International Program Committee for the ISWAMP ultrafast science satellite to ICPEAC, Quebec, Canada, 2021-2022.
  3. Member, International Program Committee, ATTO conference, Orlando, Florida, July 5-9, 2021-2022
  4. Member of the Institute for the Science of Light (ISL) School on ultrafast X-ray science, SACLAY, France.
  5. Member of the red team for the ASU Compact FEL (2020-)
  6. Co-Chair (with David Reis) on Non-Linear Multidimensional Methodologies for Studying Chemical Sciences with FELs. December 9-11, 2020.
  7. Member, International Program Committee for the International workshop on advances on FEL science, September 2020.
  8. Member, International Program Committee, International Conference on Many Particle Spectroscopy in Atoms, Molecules and Clusters (MPS) 2022 Turku, Finland.
  9. Member, International Program Committee, International Conference on Many Particle Spectroscopy in Atoms, Molecules and Clusters (MPS) 2018, Budapest, Hungary.
  10. Member, program committee for ICPEAC satellite (e,2e), 2016-2019
  11. Member, Users Executive Committee, LCLS, SLAC, 2015-2018.
  12. Member, LCLS II AMO instrument Advisory Meeting planning, 2016-2019.
  13. Member, International Program Committee, International Conference on Many Particle Spectroscopy in Atoms, Molecules and Clusters (MPS) 2016, Moscow, Russia.
  14. Member, International Committee, e,2e Conference (satellite of the International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions – ICPEAC), Spain, 2014-2015.
  15. Consultant in Focus articles for APS: X rays Measure Lone Molecules, Physics 7, 22 (2014).
  16. Member, International Program Committee, IWP&RIXS, Erice, Italy, August 2014
  17. Member, International Program Committee, Gordon Research Conference on Photoions, Photoionization and Photodetachment, 2014, Galveston, TX.
  18. Member, Program Committee, Gordon Research Conference on Multiphoton ionization, 2014, Boston.
  19. Member, International Program Committee, International Conference on Many Particle Spectroscopy in Atoms, Molecules and Clusters (MPS) 2014, Metz, France.
  20. Member, International Program Committee, International Workshop in Photoionization, Erice, Italy 2014.
  21. Member, International Committee, e,2e Conference (satellite of the International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions – ICPEAC), Heifei, China, 2013.
  22. Organizer, session on Physics with Ultrafast X-rays, Frontiers in Optics 2013/Laser Science XXVIII
    conference, Florida, 2013.
  23. Organizer, session on Physics with Ultrafast X-rays, Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII
    conference, Rochester, NY, 2012.
  24. Member, International Committee, Gordon Research Conference on Photoions, Photoionization and Photodetachment, 2012.
  25. Member, International Committee, e,2e Conference (satellite of the International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions – ICPEAC), Belfast, Ireland, 2011.
  26. Member, International Committee, Many Particle Spectroscopy Conference, Sendai, Japan, 2010-2014.
  27. Co-Chair, Local Committee, International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ICPEAC XXVI, 2009.
  28. Member, Executive Committee, International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC), 2005-2009.
  29. Member, Scientific Committee, International Conference on X-Ray and Inner-Shell Processes, 2005-2008.
  30. Chair, First Summer School on Ultrafast Science using an X-ray Free Electron Laser (FEL), Pulse Center, SLAC, June 2007.
  31. Organized AMO sessions at FEL workshop in SRC, Wisconsin, October 2006
  32. Co-Chair, Workshop at ALS users meeting, AMO science with vuv FEL, October 2006
  33. Co-Chair, workshop at ALS users meeting, AMO science, October 2005
  34. Member, Scientific Committee for the Advanced Photon Source Ultrafast X-ray workshop 8/2004
  35. Member, Scientific Committee for the Ultrafast x-rays workshop, San Diego, CA, 4/2004.
  36. Member, International Scientific Committee for the VUV14 International Conference, 2004.
  37. Member, Program committee for the International ICPEAC satellite (e-2e/polarization) (2004)
  38. Member, Program committee for the International ICPEAC satellite (e-2e/polarization) (2003)
  39. Member, committee of the International Conference in X-Ray and Inner-Shell Processes, 1996-1999.
  40. Member, sub-committee for the annual conference QELS ‘97, “Laser Spectroscopy, Laser Cooling, and Atom Trapping’, 1997.
  41. Member, International Scientific Committee, International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC), 1995-1998.
  42. Member, International Scientific Advisory Committee for the International Symposium on (e,2e) Double Photoionization and Related Processes, 1995-1997
  43. Chair and Organizer, Session at the 1999 Optical Society of America (OSA) conference in San Jose, CA.
  44. Chair and Organizer, AMO workshops at Advanced Light Source, ALS Users meeting, 1996&1997.
  45. Member, Local organizing committee, “International Workshop in Photoionization” (IWP), Berlin, 1992.
  46. Member, Local Organizing Committee, annual meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP), American Physical Society, Chicago, IL, 1992.
  47. Member and Co-organizer, workshop on “Atomic Physics at the Advanced Photon Source,” March, 1990, Argonne National Labs, Argonne, IL.
  48. Chair of many sessions at the International Workshop on Photoionization (IWP), many sessions for the annual meeting of the Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics (DAMOP), many workshops and sessions at ICPEAC, at X-ray conferences, and other national and international conferences.

UNIVERSITY and PHYSICS DEPARTMENT SERVICE

At UConn 2014-

  1. Head, Physics Department (2014-2018)
  2. Member, Panel for the Graduate College workshop to mentor students, November 2014.
  3. Member, WIMSE (women in math, Science and Engineering) Committee 2014-
  4. Member, Search committee for Chemistry Department Head, 2016.
  5. Member, Faculty Search committees
  6. Member, Graduate admission committee
  7. Member, PTR committee
  8. Member, Head Advisory Committee

At WMU 1991-2013

  1. Editor, Physics Department, Annual Research Report, 2010-
  2. Member, WMU Presidential Search Advisory Committee, 2006-2007.
  3. Member, Research Policy Council, 2003-2004, 2004-2007.
  4. Member, Associate Dean Search Committee, College of Arts and Sciences, 2006
  5. Member, Dean for International Studies search committee, WMU, 2006
  6. Member, Vice President for Research search committee, WMU, 2005-2006.
  7. Chair, Research Policy Council sub-committee on “Recognition at WMU”, 2004.
  8. Member, Arts and Sciences Women Caucus
  9. Member, Future of the Physics Dept.
  10. Member, University Academic Integrity Committee, 2001-2005.
  11. Member, Graduate Committee Admissions, 1993-1996,’99-2012.
  12. Member, WMU Curriculum Committee, 1996-1998.
  13. Chair of the Facilities & Planning Committee, 1997-1998.
  14. Chair, Colloquium of WMU Physics Department, 1992, 1996.
  15. Member, Thesis Committees, PhD Comprehensive exams, Master thesis.
  16. Chair, PhD. Thesis Committees, PhD committee member, PhD Comprehensive exams, Master thesis, Undergraduate thesis.

PROMOTING DIVERSITY VIA SCIENCE ADVOCACY: 

Significant Contribution in Outreach/Mentoring Nationally and Internationally to Promote, Retain and Increase the Number of Women in Physics and STEM fields in general. Also, mentoring of African American/Hispanic students.

  • Initiated the effort and wrote the proposal to the APS to host the conference for undergraduate women in physics (CUWiP) in 2025 at UConn. The proposal was successful, and we will host 125 students at UConn.
  • Contributing to outreach since 1988 when I was a postdoc.
  • Frequent and very close contribution since 2005 with the American Physical Society Committee on the Status of Women in Physics.
  • Contribution via the COACh board to advance the careers of women in STEM fields.
  1. As Head of the Physics Department (2014-2018), I initiated outreach to minority (African American/Hispanics) middle and high school students to expose them to STEMS field and mentor
    them. About 40 students were bused from different schools of the Hartford area, CT, to see Physics lab demonstrations, talk to undergraduate, graduate students and faculty. The goal is inclusion and active recruitment to diversify the workforce. (April 2018).
  2. As Head of the Physics Department, I funded outreach visits from middle and high school women to expose them to STEMS field (March 2018).
  3. Role model/mentorship: Give presentations to focused women conferences in STEM fields in the US and around the world. Meet with women caucuses when presenting seminars/colloquia at institutions around the world since 1989 (USA, EU {France, Germany, Italy, UK, Denmark, Sweden}, North Africa{ Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia}.
  4. International Gender equity in STEM fields: Helping organize and conduct workshops on coaching women in North Africa to build successful careers in the STEM fields. Workshops were conducted in Algeria (January 2013, November 2016), Tunisia (March 2013, November 2015), and Morocco (March 2013, April 2015) funded by the US State Department and University of Oregon funds (COACh headquarter). Workshop in Morocco, November 2017 with US state department funds.
  5. Contributed to the organization of the follow up effort on the APS national workshops “Gender Equity in Physics” 2007-present.
  6. Raised federal funds and organized, as the chair of the APS/CSWP, a national workshop (funded as the PI by DOE and NSF) on “Gender Equity: Strengthening the physics enterprise in academia and national laboratories” for Chairs of the 50 most research-oriented Physics Departments and 20 physics-related Division Directors of National Laboratories, May 6-8, 2007. Co-chaired the workshop with past APS President Arthur Bienenstock, Stanford University. The workshop report, which was mailed to most universities to serve as a guide with our recommendations can be found at: http://www.aps.org/programs/women/workshops/gender-equity/upload/genderequity.pdf
  7. Site visits to help Physics Department improve their culture, under the sponsorship of the APS, Committee on the Status of Women in Physics (CSWP) several universities.
  8. Mentoring of excellent female high school students, Liz Otto, CAMSE, 2003.
  9. “Physics is Fun”, Guest speaker at Elkhart Central, Elkhart, IN, May 8, 2003.
  10. Upper bound math Science, Research mentorship program for African-American females, Summer 2000.
  11. “Take our Daughters and Sons to Work Day” Gave tours of accelerator facilities to elementary students to encourage them to think about science, April 1999, Advanced Light Source, (ALS),
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
  12. “The Status of Woman in Physics”, Seminar given at the graduate student fair at Argonne National Laboratory. October 2, 1993.
  13. “Career in Physics: It Is Fun!”, Seminar given as a Career Orientation Representative at the yearly Conference on “Science Career in Search of Women,” Argonne National Laboratory, April 24, 1992.
  14. “Women in Research: Challenges and Opportunities,” Lecture given at Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs at the Graduate School Fair, October 5, 1991.
  15. “Research in Physics,” presentation to Academy Teachers on December 14, 1990.
  16. Seminar, Conference on “Science Careers in Search of Women,” at Argonne National Laboratory, organized by the Department of Education May 18, 1990.

FUNDING FOR RESEARCH: Over $10M funding from DoE, BES, and NSF.